Main Page Remote Sensing Hands-On Lesson (FORTRAN)
## Table of Contents
       Remote Sensing Hands-On Lesson (FORTRAN)
          Overview
          Note About HTML Links
          References
             Tutorials
             Required Readings
             The Permuted Index
             Source Code Header Comments
          Kernels Used
          SPICE Modules Used
       Time Conversion (convtm)
          Task Statement
          Learning Goals
          Approach
          Solution
             Solution Meta-Kernel
             Solution Source Code
             Solution Sample Output
          Extra Credit
             Task statements and questions
             Solutions and answers
       Obtaining Target States and Positions (getsta)
          Task Statement
          Learning Goals
          Approach
          Solution
             Solution Meta-Kernel
             Solution Source Code
             Solution Sample Output
          Extra Credit
             Task statements and questions
             Solutions and answers
       Spacecraft Orientation and Reference Frames (xform)
          Task Statement
          Learning Goals
          Approach
          Solution
             Solution Meta-Kernel
             Solution Source Code
             Solution Sample Output
          Extra Credit
             Task statements and questions
             Solutions and answers
       Computing Sub-spacecraft and Sub-solar Points (subpts)
          Task Statement
          Learning Goals
          Approach
          Solution
             Solution Meta-Kernel
             Solution Source Code
             Solution Sample Output
          Extra Credit
             Task statements and questions
             Solutions and answers
       Intersecting Vectors with a Triaxial Ellipsoid (fovint)
          Task Statement
          Learning Goals
          Approach
          Solution
             Solution Meta-Kernel
             Solution Source Code
             Solution Sample Output
          Extra Credit
Top # Remote Sensing Hands-On Lesson (FORTRAN) September 2, 2016 Top ## Overview In this lesson you will develop a series of simple programs that demonstrate the usage of SPICE to compute a variety of different geometric quantities applicable to experiments carried out by a remote sensing instrument flown on an interplanetary spacecraft. This particular lesson focuses on a spectrometer flying on the ExoMars-16 TGO spacecraft, but many of the concepts are easily extended and generalized to other scenarios. Top ## Note About HTML Links The HTML version of this lesson contains links pointing to various HTML documents provided with the Toolkit. All of these links are relative and, in order to function, require this document to be in a certain location in the Toolkit HTML documentation directory tree. In order for the links to be resolved, create a subdirectory called ``lessons'' under the ``doc/html'' directory of the Toolkit tree and copy this document to that subdirectory before loading it into a Web browser. Top ## References Top ### Tutorials The following SPICE tutorials are referred to by the discussions in this lesson:
       Name             Lesson steps/routines it describes
       ---------------  -----------------------------------------
       Time             Time Conversion
       SCLK and LSK     Time Conversion
       SPK              Obtaining Ephemeris Data
       Frames           Reference Frames
       Using Frames     Reference Frames
       PCK              Planetary Constants Data
       CK               Spacecraft Orientation Data
These tutorials are available from the NAIF ftp server at JPL:
       http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/tutorials.html
Top ### Required Readings The Required Reading documents are provided with the Toolkit and are located under the ``toolkit/doc'' directory in the FORTRAN installation tree.
       Name             Lesson steps/routines that it describes
       ---------------  -----------------------------------------
       time.req         Time Conversion
       sclk.req         SCLK Time Conversion
       spk.req          Obtaining Ephemeris Data
       frames.req       Using Reference Frames
       pck.req          Obtaining Planetary Constants Data
       ck.req           Obtaining Spacecraft Orientation Data
       naif_ids.req     Determining Body ID Codes
Top ### The Permuted Index Another useful document distributed with the Toolkit is the permuted index. This is located under the ``toolkit/doc'' directory in the FORTRAN installation tree. This text document provides a simple mechanism to discover what SPICE routines perform a particular function of interest as well as the name of the source module that contains the routine. This is particularly useful for FORTRAN programmers because some of the routines are entry points and, therefore, the name does not translate directly into the name of the source module that contains them. Top ### Source Code Header Comments The most detailed specification of a given SPICE FORTRAN or C routine is contained in the header section of its source code. The source code is distributed with the Toolkit and is located under ``toolkit/src/spicelib'' in FORTRAN and under ``cspice/src/cspice'' in C Toolkits. For example the source code of the STR2ET/str2et_c routine is
       toolkit/src/spicelib/str2et.for
in the FORTRAN Toolkit and in
       cspice/src/cspice/str2et_c.c
in the C Toolkit. Since some of the FORTRAN routines are entry points they are usually part of a source file that has different name. The ``Permuted Index'' document mentioned above can be used to locate the name of their source file. Top ## Kernels Used The following kernels are used in examples provided in this lesson:
       1.  Generic LSK:

              naif0012.tls

       2.  ExoMars-16 TGO SCLK:

              em16_tgo_step_20160414.tsc

       3.  Solar System Ephemeris SPK, subsetted to cover only the time
           range of interest:

              de430.bsp

       4.  Martian Satellite Ephemeris SPK, subsetted to cover only the
           time range of interest:

              mar085.bsp

       5.  ExoMars-16 TGO Spacecraft Trajectory SPK, subsetted to cover
           only the time range of interest:

              em16_tgo_mlt_20171205_20230115_v01.bsp

       6.  ExoMars-16 TGO FK:

              em16_tgo_v07.tf

       7.  ExoMars-16 TGO Spacecraft CK, subsetted to cover only the time
           range of interest::

              em16_tgo_sc_slt_npo_20171205_20230115_s20160414_v01.bc

       8.  Generic PCK:

              pck00010.tpc

       9.  NOMAD IK:

              em16_tgo_nomad_v02.ti
These SPICE kernels are included in the lesson package available from the NAIF server at JPL:
       ftp://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/toolkit_docs/Lessons/
Top ## SPICE Modules Used This section provides a complete summary of the routines, and the kernels that are suggested for usage in each of the exercises in this tutorial. (You may wish to not look at this list unless/until you ``get stuck'' while working on your own.)
       CHAPTER EXERCISE   ROUTINES   FUNCTIONS  KERNELS
       ------- ---------  ---------  ---------  ---------
         1     convtm     FURNSH                1,2
                          PROMPT
                          STR2ET
                          ETCAL
                          TIMOUT
                          SCE2S

         2     getsta     FURNSH     VNORM      1,3-6
                          PROMPT
                          STR2ET
                          SPKEZR
                          SPKPOS
                          CONVRT

         3     xform      FURNSH     VSEP       1-8
                          PROMPT
                          STR2ET
                          SPKEZR
                          SXFORM
                          MXVG
                          SPKPOS
                          PXFORM
                          MXV
                          CONVRT

         4     subpts     FURNSH                1,3-6,8
                          PROMPT
                          STR2ET
                          SUBPT
                          SUBSOL

         5     fovint     FURNSH     DPR        1-9
                          PROMPT
                          STR2ET
                          BODN2C
                          BYEBYE
                          GETFOV
                          SINCPT
                          RECLAT
                          ILUMIN
                          ET2LST
Refer to the headers of the various routines listed above, as detailed interface specifications are provided with the source code. Top # Time Conversion (convtm) Top ## Task Statement Write a program that prompts the user for an input UTC time string, converts it to the following time systems and output formats: `1.` Ephemeris Time (ET) in seconds past J2000 `2.` Calendar Ephemeris Time `3.` Spacecraft Clock Time and displays the results. Use the program to convert "2018 jun 11 19:32:00" UTC into these alternate systems. Top ## Learning Goals Familiarity with the various time conversion and parsing routines available in the Toolkit. Exposure to source code headers and their usage in learning to call routines. Top ## Approach The solution to the problem can be broken down into a series of simple steps: `--` Decide which SPICE kernels are necessary. Prepare a meta-kernel listing the kernels and load it into the program. `--` Prompt the user for an input UTC time string. `--` Convert the input time string into ephemeris time expressed as seconds past J2000 TDB. Display the result. `--` Convert ephemeris time into a calendar format. Display the result. `--` Convert ephemeris time into a spacecraft clock string. Display the result. You may find it useful to consult the permuted index, the headers of various source modules, and the ``Time Required Reading'' (time.req) and ``SCLK Required Reading'' (sclk.req) documents. When completing the ``calendar format'' step above, consider using one of two possible methods: ETCAL or TIMOUT. Top ## Solution Top ### Solution Meta-Kernel The meta-kernel we created for the solution to this exercise is named 'convtm.tm'. Its contents follow:
       KPL/MK

          This is the meta-kernel used in the solution of the ``Time
          Conversion'' task in the Remote Sensing Hands On Lesson.

       \begindata

        KERNELS_TO_LOAD = (

        'kernels/lsk/naif0012.tls',
        'kernels/sclk/em16_tgo_step_20160414.tsc'

                          )

       \begintext
Top ### Solution Source Code A sample solution to the problem follows:
             PROGRAM CONVTM

             IMPLICIT NONE

       C
       C     Local Parameters
       C
       C     The name of the meta-kernel that lists the kernels
       C     to load into the program.
       C
             CHARACTER*(*)         METAKR
             PARAMETER           ( METAKR = 'convtm.tm' )

       C
       C     The spacecraft clock ID code for ExoMars-16 TGO.
       C
             INTEGER               SCLKID
             PARAMETER           ( SCLKID = -143 )

       C
       C     The length of various string variables.
       C
             INTEGER               STRLEN
             PARAMETER           ( STRLEN = 50 )

       C
       C     Local Variables
       C
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    CALET
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    SCLKST
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    UTCTIM

             DOUBLE PRECISION      ET

       C
       C     Load the kernels this program requires.
       C     Both the spacecraft clock kernel and a
       C     leapseconds kernel should be listed
       C     in the meta-kernel.
       C
             CALL FURNSH ( METAKR )

       C
       C     Prompt the user for the input time string.
       C
             CALL PROMPT ( 'Input UTC Time: ', UTCTIM )

             WRITE (*,*) 'Converting UTC Time: ', UTCTIM

       C
       C     Convert UTCTIM to ET.
       C
             CALL STR2ET ( UTCTIM, ET )

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   ET Seconds Past J2000: ', ET

       C
       C     Now convert ET to a formal calendar time
       C     string.  This can be accomplished in two
       C     ways.
       C
             CALL ETCAL ( ET, CALET )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Calendar ET (ETCAL): ', CALET

       C
       C     Or use TIMOUT for finer control over the
       C     output format.  The picture below was built
       C     by examining the header of TIMOUT.
       C
             CALL TIMOUT ( ET, 'YYYY-MON-DDTHR:MN:SC ::TDB', CALET )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Calendar ET (TIMOUT): ', CALET

       C
       C     Convert ET to spacecraft clock time.
       C
             CALL SCE2S ( SCLKID, ET, SCLKST )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Spacecraft Clock Time: ', SCLKST

             END
Top ### Solution Sample Output After compiling the program, execute it:
       Converting UTC Time: 2018 JUN 11 19:32:00
          ET Seconds Past J2000:    582017589.185
          Calendar ET (ETCAL): 2018 JUN 11 19:33:09.184
          Calendar ET (TIMOUT): 2018-JUN-11T19:33:09
          Spacecraft Clock Time: 1/0070841719.26698
Top ## Extra Credit In this ``extra credit'' section you will be presented with more complex tasks, aimed at improving your understanding of time conversions, the Toolkit routines that deal with them, and some common errors that may happen during the execution of these conversions. These ``extra credit'' tasks are provided as task statements, and unlike the regular tasks, no approach or solution source code is provided. In the next section, you will find the numeric solutions (when applicable) and answers to the questions asked in these tasks. Top ### Task statements and questions `1.` Extend your program to convert the input UTC time string to TDB Julian Date. Convert "2018 jun 11 19:32:00" UTC. `2.` Remove the LSK from the original meta-kernel and run your program again, using the same inputs as before. Has anything changed? Why? `3.` Remove the SCLK from the original meta-kernel and run your program again, using the same inputs as before. Has anything changed? Why? `4.` Modify your program to perform conversion of UTC or ephemeris time, to a spacecraft clock string using the NAIF ID for the ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD LNO Nadir aperture. Convert "2018 jun 11 19:32:00" UTC. `5.` Find the earliest UTC time that can be converted to ExoMars-16 TGO spacecraft clock. `6.` Extend your program to convert the spacecraft clock time obtained in the regular task back to UTC Time and present it in ISO calendar date format, with a resolution of milliseconds. `7.` Examine the contents of the generic LSK and the ExoMars-16 TGO SCLK kernels. Can you understand and explain what you see? Top ### Solutions and answers `1.` Two methods exist in order to convert ephemeris time to Julian Date: UNITIM and TIMOUT. The difference between them is the type of output produced by each method. UNITIM returns the double precision value of an input epoch, while TIMOUT returns the string representation of the ephemeris time in Julian Date format (when picture input is set to 'JULIAND.######### ::TDB'). Refer to the routine header for further details. The solution for the requested input UTC string is:
             Julian Date TDB: 2458281.3146896
`2.` When running the original program without the LSK kernel, an error is produced: SPICE(NOLEAPSECONDS). This error is triggered by STR2ET because the variable that points to the leapseconds is not present in the kernel pool and therefore there is not enough data to perform the requested UTC to ephemeris time conversion. `` By default, SPICE will report, as a minimum, a short descriptive message -- in this case SPICE(NOLEAPSECONDS) -- and a expanded form of this short message where more details about the error are provided. If this error message is not sufficient for you to understand what has happened, you could go to the ``Exceptions'' section in the SPICELIB or CSPICE headers of the routine that has triggered the error and find out more information about the possible causes. `3.` When running the original program without the SCLK kernel, an error is produced by SCE2S: SPICE(KERNELVARNOTFOUND), which in this case may not give you enough information to understand what has actually happened. Nevertheless, the expanded form of this short message clearly indicates that the SCLK kernel for the spacecraft ID -143 has not been loaded. `` The UTC string to ephemeris time conversion and the conversion of ephemeris time into a calendar format worked normally as these conversions only require the LSK kernel to be loaded. `4.` The first thing you need to do is to find out what the NAIF ID is for the NOMAD LNO Nadir aperture. In order to do so, examine the ExoMars-16 TGO frames definitions kernel listed above and look for the ``TGO NAIF ID Codes -- Summary Section'' or for the ``TGO NAIF ID Codes -- Definitions'' and there, for the NAIF ID given to TGO_NOMAD_LNO_NAD (which is -143311). Then replace in your code the SCLK ID -143 with -143311. After compiling and executing the program using the original meta-kernel, you will be getting the same error as in the previous task. Despite the error being exactly the same, this case is different. Generally, spacecraft clocks are associated with the spacecraft ID and not with its payload, sensors or structures IDs. Therefore, in order to do conversions from/to spacecraft clock for payload, sensors or spacecraft structures, the spacecraft ID must be used. `` Note that this does not need to be true for all missions or payloads, as SPICE does not restrict the SCLKs to spacecraft IDs only. Please refer to your mission's SCLK kernels for particulars. `5.` Use SCS2E with the input SCLK string set to ``0.0'' and convert the resulting ephemeris time to UTC using either TIMOUT or ET2UTC. The solution for the requested SCLK string is:
             Earliest UTC convertible to SCLK: 2016-03-13T21:34:13.194
`6.` Use SCS2E with the SCLK string obtained in the computations performed in the regular tasks (1/0070841719.26698) and convert the resulting ephemeris time to UTC using either ET2UTC, with 'ISOC' format and 3 digits precision, or using TIMOUT using the time picture 'YYYY-MM-DDTHR:MN:SC.### ::RND'. The solution of the requested conversion is:
             UTC time from spacecraft clock: 2018-06-11T19:32:00.000
Top # Obtaining Target States and Positions (getsta) Top ## Task Statement Write a program that prompts the user for an input UTC time string, computes the following quantities at that epoch: `1.` The apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame, in kilometers and kilometers/second. This vector itself is not of any particular interest, but it is a useful intermediate quantity in some geometry calculations. `2.` The apparent position of the Earth as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame, in kilometers. `3.` The one-way light time between ExoMars-16 TGO and the apparent position of Earth, in seconds. `4.` The apparent position of the Sun as seen from Mars in the J2000 frame (J2000), in kilometers. `5.` The actual (geometric) distance between the Sun and Mars, in astronomical units. and displays the results. Use the program to compute these quantities at "2018 jun 11 19:32:00" UTC. Top ## Learning Goals Understand the anatomy of an SPKEZR call. Discover the difference between SPKEZR and SPKPOS. Familiarity with the Toolkit utility ``brief''. Exposure to unit conversion with SPICE. Top ## Approach The solution to the problem can be broken down into a series of simple steps: `--` Decide which SPICE kernels are necessary. Prepare a meta-kernel listing the kernels and load it into the program. `--` Prompt the user for an input time string. `--` Convert the input time string into ephemeris time expressed as seconds past J2000 TDB. `--` Compute the state of Mars relative to ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 reference frame, corrected for aberrations. `--` Compute the position of Earth relative to ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 reference frame, corrected for aberrations. (The routine in the library that computes this also returns the one-way light time between ExoMars-16 TGO and Earth.) `--` Compute the position of the Sun relative to Mars in the J2000 reference frame, corrected for aberrations. `--` Compute the position of the Sun relative to Mars without correcting for aberration. `--` Compute the length of this vector. This provides the desired distance in kilometers. `--` Convert the distance in kilometers into AU. You may find it useful to consult the permuted index, the headers of various source modules, and the ``SPK Required Reading'' (spk.req) document. When deciding which SPK files to load, the Toolkit utility ``brief'' may be of some use. ``brief'' is located in the ``toolkit/exe'' directory for FORTRAN toolkits. Consult its user's guide available in ``toolkit/doc/brief.ug'' for details. Top ## Solution Top ### Solution Meta-Kernel The meta-kernel we created for the solution to this exercise is named 'getsta.tm'. Its contents follow:
       KPL/MK

          This is the meta-kernel used in the solution of the
          ``Obtaining Target States and Positions'' task in the
          Remote Sensing Hands On Lesson.

       \begindata

        KERNELS_TO_LOAD = (

        'kernels/lsk/naif0012.tls',
        'kernels/spk/de430.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/mar085.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/em16_tgo_mlt_20171205_20230115_v01.bsp',
        'kernels/fk/em16_tgo_v07.tf'

                            )

       \begintext
Top ### Solution Source Code A sample solution to the problem follows:
             PROGRAM GETSTA

             IMPLICIT NONE

       C
       C     SPICELIB Functions
       C
             DOUBLE PRECISION      VNORM

       C
       C     Local Parameters
       C
       C
       C     The name of the meta-kernel that lists the kernels
       C     to load into the program.
       C
             CHARACTER*(*)         METAKR
             PARAMETER           ( METAKR = 'getsta.tm' )

       C
       C     The length of various string variables.
       C
             INTEGER               STRLEN
             PARAMETER           ( STRLEN = 50 )

       C
       C     Local Variables
       C
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    UTCTIM

             DOUBLE PRECISION      DIST
             DOUBLE PRECISION      ET
             DOUBLE PRECISION      LTIME
             DOUBLE PRECISION      POS   ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      STATE ( 6 )

       C
       C     Load the kernels that this program requires.  We
       C     will need a leapseconds kernel to convert input
       C     UTC time strings into ET.  We also will need the
       C     necessary SPK files with coverage for the bodies
       C     in which we are interested.
       C
       C     Since the SPICE body/ID mapping for TGO is not
       C     yet included in the standard library, we will
       C     need the frame kernel where the mapping is
       C     defined.
       C
             CALL FURNSH ( METAKR )

       C
       C     Prompt the user for the input time string.
       C
             CALL PROMPT ( 'Input UTC Time: ', UTCTIM )

             WRITE (*,*) 'Converting UTC Time: ', UTCTIM

       C
       C     Convert UTCTIM to ET.
       C
             CALL STR2ET ( UTCTIM, ET )

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   ET seconds past J2000: ', ET

       C
       C     Compute the apparent state of Mars as seen from
       C     ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame.  All of the ephemeris
       C     readers return states in units of kilometers and
       C     kilometers per second.
       C
             CALL SPKEZR ( 'MARS', ET,    'J2000', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  STATE, LTIME               )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent state of Mars as seen from '
            .//          'ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000'
             WRITE (*,*) '      frame (km, km/s):'

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      X = ', STATE(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Y = ', STATE(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Z = ', STATE(3)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '     VX = ', STATE(4)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '     VY = ', STATE(5)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '     VZ = ', STATE(6)

       C
       C     Compute the apparent position of Earth as seen from
       C     ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame.  Note: We could have
       C     continued using SPKEZR and simply ignored the velocity
       C     components.
       C
             CALL SPKPOS ( 'EARTH', ET,  'J2000', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',   POS, LTIME               )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent position of Earth as seen from '
            .//          'ExoMars-16 TGO in the'
             WRITE (*,*) '      J2000 frame (km):'

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      X = ', POS(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Y = ', POS(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Z = ', POS(3)

       C
       C     We need only display LTIME, as it is precisely the light
       C     time in which we are interested.
       C
             WRITE (*,*) '   One way light time between ExoMars-16 TGO '
            .//          'and the apparent'
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      position of Earth '
            .//          '(seconds): ', LTIME

       C
       C     Compute the apparent position of the Sun as seen from
       C     Mars in the J2000 frame.
       C
             CALL SPKPOS ( 'SUN',  ET,  'J2000', 'LT+S',
            .              'MARS', POS, LTIME                    )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent position of Sun as seen from '
            .//          'Mars in the'
             WRITE (*,*) '      J2000 frame (km):'

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      X = ', POS(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Y = ', POS(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Z = ', POS(3)

       C
       C     Now we need to compute the actual distance between the Sun
       C     and Mars.  The above SPKPOS call gives us the apparent
       C     distance, so we need to adjust our aberration correction
       C     appropriately.
       C
             CALL SPKPOS ( 'SUN',  ET,  'J2000', 'NONE',
            .              'MARS', POS, LTIME                  )

       C
       C     Compute the distance between the body centers in
       C     kilometers.
       C
             DIST = VNORM(POS)

       C
       C     Convert this value to AU using CONVRT.
       C
             CALL CONVRT ( DIST, 'KM', 'AU', DIST )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Actual distance between Sun and Mars body '
            .//          'centers: '
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      (AU):', DIST

             END
Top ### Solution Sample Output After compiling the program, execute it:
       Converting UTC Time: 2018 JUN 11 19:32:00
          ET seconds past J2000:    582017589.185
          Apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000
             frame (km, km/s):
             X =         2911.822
             Y =        -2033.802
             Z =        -1291.701
            VX =            1.310
            VY =           -0.056
            VZ =            3.104
          Apparent position of Earth as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the
             J2000 frame (km):
             X =    -49609884.080
             Y =     57070665.862
             Z =     30304236.930
          One way light time between ExoMars-16 TGO and the apparent
             position of Earth (seconds):          271.738
          Apparent position of Sun as seen from Mars in the
             J2000 frame (km):
             X =    -24712734.289
             Y =    194560532.943
             Z =     89906636.789
          Actual distance between Sun and Mars body centers:
             (AU):           1.442
Top ## Extra Credit In this ``extra credit'' section you will be presented with more complex tasks, aimed at improving your understanding of state computations, particularly the application of the different light time and stellar aberration corrections available in the SPKEZR routine, and some common errors that may happen when computing these states. These ``extra credit'' tasks are provided as task statements, and unlike the regular tasks, no approach or solution source code is provided. In the next section, you will find the numeric solutions (when applicable) and answers to the questions asked in these tasks. Top ### Task statements and questions `1.` Remove the Martian planetary ephemerides SPK (mar085.bsp) from the original meta-kernel and run your program again, using the same inputs as before. Has anything changed? Why? `2.` Remove the ExoMars-16 TGO frames definition kernel (em16_tgo_v07.tf) from the original meta-kernel and run your program again, using the same inputs as before. Has anything changed? Why? `3.` Extend your program to compute the geometric position of Jupiter as seen from Mars in the J2000 frame (J2000), in kilometers. `4.` Extend your program to compute the apparent position of the Schiaparelli Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) Landing Site as seen from the ExoMars-16 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft in the J2000 frame (J2000), in kilometers. `5.` Extend, or modify, your program to compute the position of the Sun as seen from Mars in the J2000 frame (J2000), in kilometers, using the following light time and aberration corrections: NONE, LT and LT+S. Explain the differences. `6.` Examine the ExoMars-16 TGO frames definition kernel to find the SPICE ID/name definitions. Top ### Solutions and answers `1.` When running the original program without the Martian planetary ephemerides SPK, an error is produced by SPKEZR: SPICE(SPKINSUFFDATA). This error is generated when trying to compute the apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame because despite the ExoMars-16 TGO ephemeris data being relative to Mars, the state of the spacecraft with respect to the solar system barycenter is required to compute the effect of the light time and stellar aberrations. The loaded SPK data is enough to compute geometric states of ExoMars-16 TGO with respect to Mars center, and geometric states of Mars barycenter with respect to the Solar System Barycenter, but insufficient to compute the state of the spacecraft relative to the Solar System Barycenter because the SPK data needed to compute geometric states of Mars center relative to its barycenter is no longer loaded. Run ``brief'' on the SPKs used in the original task to find out what ephemeris objects are available from that kernel. If you want to find out what is the 'center of motion' for the ephemeris object(s) included in an SPK, use the -c option when running ``brief''. `2.` When running the original program without the ExoMars-16 TGO frames definitions kernel, an error is produced by SPKEZR: SPICE(IDCODENOTFOUND). This error is generated because the observer 'TGO' is not a recognized name for an ephemeris object as TGO is not yet included in the official SPICE ID/name mappings and the mission specific mapping definitions, included in the FK, have not been loaded. In order to resolve this issue, two possibilities exist: load the SPICE ID/name mappings or use the NAIF IDs instead:
             CALL SPKEZR ( 'MARS', ET,    'J2000', 'LT+S',
            .              '-143', STATE, LTIME            )
`3.` If you run your extended program, with the original meta-kernel, the SPICE(SPKINSUFFDATA) error should be produced by the SPKPOS routine because you have not loaded enough ephemeris data to compute the position of Jupiter with respect to Mars. The loaded SPKs contain data for Mars relative to the Solar System Barycenter, and for the Jupiter System Barycenter relative to the Solar System Barycenter, but the data for Jupiter relative to the Jupiter System Barycenter is missing. SPKs with this data are available in the NAIF server at:
          http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/spk/satellites/
`` Download the relevant SPK, add it to the meta-kernel and run again your extended program. The solution for the input UTC time ``2018 JUN 11 19:32:00'' when using the Jovian Satellite Ephemeris SPK jup310.bsp is:
             Actual position of Jupiter as seen from Mars in the
                J2000 frame (km):
                X =   -536521483.296
                Y =   -384722940.462
                Z =   -145930841.439
`4.` Once you have extended your program, download the required data from the official ExoMars-16 SPICE operational FTP site and update your meta-kernel. This is the solution for the input UTC time ``2018 JUN 11 19:32:00'' when using the following data for the EDM lander:
             Additional kernels used in this task:

                a. EDM lander FK:

                      em16_emd_v00.tf

                b. EDM landing site SPK:

                      em16_edm_sot_landing_site_20161020_21000101_v01.bsp

                c. Generic PCK, where the Mars orientation constants are
                   provided:

                      pck00010.tpc

             Apparent position of EDM Landing Site (EDM_LANDING_SITE, NAIF
             ID -117900) as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame
             (km):
                X =         -131.716
                Y =        -2168.989
                Z =          208.792
`5.` When using 'NONE' aberration corrections, SPKPOS returns the geometric position of the target body relative to the observer. If 'LT' is used, the returned vector corresponds to the position of the target at the moment it emitted photons arriving at the observer at `et'. If 'LT+S' is used instead, the returned vector takes into account the observer's velocity relative to the solar system barycenter. The solution for the input UTC time ``2018 JUN 11 19:32:00'' is:
             Actual (geometric) position of Sun as seen from Mars in the
                J2000 frame (km):
                X =    -24730875.201
                Y =    194558449.560
                Z =     89906170.855
             Light-time corrected position of Sun as seen from Mars in the
                J2000 frame (km):
                X =    -24730866.489
                Y =    194558445.246
                Z =     89906168.754
             Apparent position of Sun as seen from Mars in the
                J2000 frame (km):
                X =    -24712734.289
                Y =    194560532.943
                Z =     89906636.789
Top # Spacecraft Orientation and Reference Frames (xform) Top ## Task Statement Write a program that prompts the user for an input time string, and computes and displays the following at the epoch of interest: `1.` The apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the IAU_MARS body-fixed frame. This vector itself is not of any particular interest, but it is a useful intermediate quantity in some geometry calculations. `2.` The angular separation between the apparent position of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO and the nominal instrument view direction. `` The nominal instrument view direction is not provided by any kernel variable, but it is indicated in the ExoMars-16 TGO frame kernel cited above in the section ``Kernels Used'' to be the -Y axis of the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame. Use the program to compute these quantities at the epoch "2018 jun 11 19:32:00" UTC. Top ## Learning Goals Familiarity with the different types of kernels involved in chaining reference frames together, both inertial and non-inertial. Discover some of the matrix and vector math routines. Understand the difference between PXFORM and SXFORM. Top ## Approach The solution to the problem can be broken down into a series of simple steps: `--` Decide which SPICE kernels are necessary. Prepare a meta-kernel listing the kernels and load it into the program. `--` Prompt the user for an input time string. `--` Convert the input time string into ephemeris time expressed as seconds past J2000 TDB. `--` Compute the state of Mars relative to ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 reference frame, corrected for aberrations. `--` Compute the state transformation matrix from J2000 to IAU_MARS at the epoch, adjusted for light time. `--` Multiply the state of Mars relative to ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 reference frame by the state transformation matrix computed in the previous step. `--` Compute the position of Mars relative to ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 reference frame, corrected for aberrations. `--` Determine what the nominal instrument view direction of the ExoMars-16 TGO spacecraft is by examining the frame kernel's content. `--` Compute the rotation matrix from the ExoMars-16 TGO spacecraft frame to J2000. `--` Multiply the nominal instrument view direction expressed in the ExoMars-16 TGO spacecraft frame by the rotation matrix from the previous step. `--` Compute the separation between the result of the previous step and the apparent position of Mars relative to ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame. HINT: Several of the steps above may be compressed into a single using SPICE routines with which you are already familiar. The ``long-way'' presented above is intended to facilitate the introduction of the routines PXFORM and SXFORM. You may find it useful to consult the permuted index, the headers of various source modules, and the following toolkit documentation: `1.` Frames Required Reading (frames.req) `2.` PCK Required Reading (pck.req) `3.` SPK Required Reading (spk.req) `4.` CK Required Reading (ck.req) This particular example makes use of many of the different types of SPICE kernels. You should spend a few moments thinking about which kernels you will need and what data they provide. Top ## Solution Top ### Solution Meta-Kernel The meta-kernel we created for the solution to this exercise is named 'xform.tm'. Its contents follow:
       KPL/MK

          This is the meta-kernel used in the solution of the ``Spacecraft
          Orientation and Reference Frames'' task in the Remote Sensing
          Hands On Lesson.

       \begindata

        KERNELS_TO_LOAD = (

        'kernels/lsk/naif0012.tls',
        'kernels/sclk/em16_tgo_step_20160414.tsc',
        'kernels/spk/de430.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/mar085.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/em16_tgo_mlt_20171205_20230115_v01.bsp',
        'kernels/fk/em16_tgo_v07.tf',
        'kernels/ck/em16_tgo_sc_slt_npo_20171205_20230115_s20160414_v01.bc',
        'kernels/pck/pck00010.tpc'

                           )

       \begintext
Top ### Solution Source Code A sample solution to the problem follows:
             PROGRAM XFORM

             IMPLICIT NONE

       C
       C     SPICELIB Functions
       C
             DOUBLE PRECISION      VSEP

       C
       C     Local Parameters
       C
       C
       C     The name of the meta-kernel that lists the kernels
       C     to load into the program.
       C
             CHARACTER*(*)         METAKR
             PARAMETER           ( METAKR = 'xform.tm' )

       C
       C     The length of various string variables.
       C
             INTEGER               STRLEN
             PARAMETER           ( STRLEN = 50 )

       C
       C     Local Variables
       C
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    UTCTIM

             DOUBLE PRECISION      ET
             DOUBLE PRECISION      LTIME
             DOUBLE PRECISION      STATE  ( 6 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      BFIXST ( 6 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      POS    ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      SXFMAT ( 6, 6 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      PFORM  ( 3, 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      BSIGHT ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      SEP

       C
       C     Load the kernels that this program requires.  We
       C     will need:
       C
       C        A leapseconds kernel
       C        A spacecraft clock kernel for ExoMars-16 TGO
       C        The necessary ephemerides
       C        A planetary constants file (PCK)
       C        A spacecraft orientation kernel for ExoMars-16 TGO (CK)
       C        A frame kernel (TF)
       C
             CALL FURNSH ( METAKR )

       C
       C     Prompt the user for the input time string.
       C
             CALL PROMPT ( 'Input UTC Time: ', UTCTIM )

             WRITE (*,*) 'Converting UTC Time: ', UTCTIM

       C
       C     Convert UTCTIM to ET.
       C
             CALL STR2ET ( UTCTIM, ET )

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   ET seconds past J2000: ', ET

       C
       C     Compute the apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16
       C     TGO in the J2000 reference frame.
       C
             CALL SPKEZR ( 'MARS', ET,    'J2000', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  STATE, LTIME           )

       C
       C     Now obtain the transformation from the inertial
       C     J2000 frame to the non-inertial, body-fixed IAU_MARS
       C     frame. Since we'll use this transformation to produce
       C     the apparent state in the IAU_MARS reference frame,
       C     we need to correct the orientation of this frame for
       C     one-way light time; hence we subtract LTIME from ET
       C     in the call below.
       C
             CALL SXFORM ( 'J2000', 'IAU_MARS', ET-LTIME, SXFMAT )

       C
       C     Now transform the apparent J2000 state into IAU_MARS
       C     with the following matrix multiplication:
       C
             CALL MXVG ( SXFMAT, STATE, 6, 6, BFIXST )

       C
       C     Display the results.
       C
             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent state of Mars as seen from '
            .//          'ExoMars-16 TGO in the IAU_MARS'
             WRITE (*,*) '      body-fixed frame (km, km/s):'
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '      X = ', BFIXST(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '      Y = ', BFIXST(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '      Z = ', BFIXST(3)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '     VX = ', BFIXST(4)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '     VY = ', BFIXST(5)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '     VZ = ', BFIXST(6)

       C
       C     It is worth pointing out, all of the above could have
       C     been done with a single call to SPKEZR:
       C
             CALL SPKEZR ( 'MARS', ET,    'IAU_MARS', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  STATE, LTIME               )

       C
       C     Display the results.
       C
             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent state of Mars as seen from '
            .//          'ExoMars-16 TGO in the IAU_MARS'
             WRITE (*,*) '      body-fixed frame (km, km/s) '
            .//          'obtained using SPKEZR directly:'
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '      X = ', STATE(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '      Y = ', STATE(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '      Z = ', STATE(3)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '     VX = ', STATE(4)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '     VY = ', STATE(5)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.6)') '     VZ = ', STATE(6)

       C
       C     Note that the velocity found by using SPKEZR
       C     to compute the state in the IAU_MARS frame differs
       C     at the few mm/second level from that found previously
       C     by calling SPKEZR and then SXFORM. Computing velocity
       C     via a single call to SPKEZR as we've done immediately
       C     above is slightly more accurate because it accounts for
       C     the effect of the rate of change of light time on the
       C     apparent angular velocity of the target's body-fixed
       C     reference frame.
       C
       C     Now we are to compute the angular separation between
       C     the apparent position of Mars as seen from the orbiter
       C     and the nominal instrument view direction.  First,
       C     compute the apparent position of Mars as seen from
       C     ExoMars-16 TGO in the J2000 frame.
       C
             CALL SPKPOS ( 'MARS', ET,  'J2000', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  POS, LTIME               )

       C
       C     Now compute the location of the nominal instrument view
       C     direction.  From reading the frame kernel we know that
       C     the instrument view direction is nominally the -Y axis
       C     of the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame defined there.
       C
             BSIGHT(1) =  0.0D0
             BSIGHT(2) = -1.0D0
             BSIGHT(3) =  0.0D0

       C
       C     Now compute the rotation matrix from TGO_SPACECRAFT into
       C     J2000.
       C
             CALL PXFORM ( 'TGO_SPACECRAFT', 'J2000', ET, PFORM )

       C
       C     And multiply the result to obtain the nominal instrument
       C     view direction in the J2000 reference frame.
       C
             CALL MXV ( PFORM, BSIGHT, BSIGHT )

       C
       C     Lastly compute the angular separation.
       C
             CALL CONVRT ( VSEP(BSIGHT, POS), 'RADIANS',
            .              'DEGREES',         SEP        )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Angular separation between the '
            .//          'apparent position of Mars and the'
             WRITE (*,*) '      ExoMars-16 TGO nominal '
            .//          'instrument view direction (degrees):'
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.3)') '      ', SEP

       C
       C     Or, alternately we can work in the spacecraft
       C     frame directly.
       C
             CALL SPKPOS ( 'MARS', ET,  'TGO_SPACECRAFT', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  POS, LTIME                    )

       C
       C     The nominal instrument view direction is the -Y-axis
       C     in the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame.
       C
             BSIGHT(1) =  0.0D0
             BSIGHT(2) = -1.0D0
             BSIGHT(3) =  0.0D0

       C
       C     Lastly compute the angular separation.
       C
             CALL CONVRT ( VSEP(BSIGHT, POS), 'RADIANS',
            .              'DEGREES',         SEP        )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Angular separation between the '
            .//          'apparent position of Mars and the'
             WRITE (*,*) '      ExoMars-16 TGO nominal '
            .//          'instrument view direction at computed'
             WRITE (*,*) '      using vectors in the '
            .//          'TGO_SPACECRAFT frame (degrees): '
             WRITE (*,'(A,F19.3)') '      ', SEP

             END
Top ### Solution Sample Output After compiling the program, execute it:
       Converting UTC Time: 2018 JUN 11 19:32:00
          ET seconds past J2000:    582017589.185
          Apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the IAU_MARS
             body-fixed frame (km, km/s):
             X =        -2843.464125
             Y =         2235.459544
             Z =         1095.894969
            VX =            0.311443
            VY =           -1.151929
            VZ =            3.082123
          Apparent state of Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the IAU_MARS
             body-fixed frame (km, km/s) obtained using SPKEZR directly:
             X =        -2843.464125
             Y =         2235.459544
             Z =         1095.894969
            VX =            0.311443
            VY =           -1.151929
            VZ =            3.082123
          Angular separation between the apparent position of Mars and the
             ExoMars-16 TGO nominal instrument view direction (degrees):
                           5.438
          Angular separation between the apparent position of Mars and the
             ExoMars-16 TGO nominal instrument view direction at computed
             using vectors in the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame (degrees):
                           5.438
Top ## Extra Credit In this ``extra credit'' section you will be presented with more complex tasks, aimed at improving your understanding of frame transformations, and some common errors that may happen when computing them. These ``extra credit'' tasks are provided as task statements, and unlike the regular tasks, no approach or solution source code is provided. In the next section, you will find the numeric solutions (when applicable) and answers to the questions asked in these tasks. Top ### Task statements and questions `1.` Run the original program using the input UTC time ``2018 jun 12 18:25:00''. Explain what happens. `2.` Compute the angular separation between the apparent position of the Sun as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO and the nominal instrument view direction. Is the science deck illuminated? Top ### Solutions and answers `1.` When running the original software using as input the UTC time string ``2018 jun 12 18:25:00'' PXFORM returns the SPICE(NOFRAMECONNECT) error, which indicates that there is not sufficient data to perform the transformation from the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame to J2000 at the requested epoch. If you summarize the ExoMars-16 TGO spacecraft CK using the ``ckbrief'' utility program with the -dump option (display interpolation intervals boundaries) you will find that the CK contains gaps within its segment:
                Segment No.: 1

                Object:  -143000
                  Interval Begin ET        Interval End ET          AV
                  ------------------------ ------------------------ ---
                  2018-JUN-11 00:01:09.184 2018-JUN-12 06:28:03.102 Y
                  2018-JUN-12 06:58:03.102 2018-JUN-12 18:15:43.102 Y
                  2018-JUN-12 18:45:43.102 2018-JUN-13 04:03:23.102 Y
                  2018-JUN-13 04:33:23.102 2018-JUN-13 07:59:43.102 Y
                  2018-JUN-13 08:29:43.102 2018-JUN-13 12:01:09.184 Y
`` whereas if you had used ckbrief without -dump you would have gotten the following information (only CK segment begin/end times):
                Object:  -143000
                  Interval Begin ET        Interval End ET          AV
                  ------------------------ ------------------------ ---
                  2018-JUN-11 00:01:09.184 2018-JUN-13 12:01:09.184 Y
`` which has insufficient detail to reveal the problem. `2.` By computing the apparent position of the Sun as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame, and the angular separation between this vector and the nominal instrument view direction (-Y-axis of the TGO_SPACECRAFT frame), you will find out that the science deck is NOT illuminated, since the angular separation -- 130.543 degrees -- is greater than 90 degrees. Top # Computing Sub-spacecraft and Sub-solar Points (subpts) Top ## Task Statement Write a program that prompts the user for an input UTC time string, computes the following quantities at that epoch: `1.` The apparent sub-observer point of ExoMars-16 TGO on Mars in the body fixed frame IAU_MARS in kilometers. `2.` The apparent sub-solar point on Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the body fixed frame IAU_MARS in kilometers. and displays the results. Use the program to compute these quantities at "2018 jun 11 19:32:00" UTC. Top ## Learning Goals Discover higher level geometry calculation routines in SPICE and their usage as it relates to ExoMars-16 TGO. Top ## Approach This particular problem is more of an exercise in searching the permuted index to find the appropriate routines and then reading their headers to understand how to call them. One point worth considering: Which method do you want to use to compute the sub-solar (or sub-observer) point? Top ## Solution Top ### Solution Meta-Kernel The meta-kernel we created for the solution to this exercise is named 'subpts.tm'. Its contents follow:
       KPL/MK

          This is the meta-kernel used in the solution of the
          ``Computing Sub-spacecraft and Sub-solar Points'' task
          in the Remote Sensing Hands On Lesson.

       \begindata

        KERNELS_TO_LOAD = (

        'kernels/lsk/naif0012.tls',
        'kernels/spk/de430.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/mar085.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/em16_tgo_mlt_20171205_20230115_v01.bsp',
        'kernels/fk/em16_tgo_v07.tf',
        'kernels/pck/pck00010.tpc'

                          )

       \begintext
Top ### Solution Source Code A sample solution to the problem follows:
             PROGRAM SUBPTS

             IMPLICIT NONE
       C
       C     SPICELIB functions
       C
             DOUBLE PRECISION      VNORM

       C
       C     Local Parameters
       C
       C
       C     The name of the meta-kernel that lists the kernels
       C     to load into the program.
       C
             CHARACTER*(*)         METAKR
             PARAMETER           ( METAKR = 'subpts.tm' )

       C
       C     The length of various string variables.
       C
             INTEGER               STRLEN
             PARAMETER           ( STRLEN = 50 )

       C
       C     Local Variables
       C
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    UTCTIM

             DOUBLE PRECISION      ET
             DOUBLE PRECISION      SPOINT ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      SRFVEC ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      TRGEPC

       C
       C     Load the kernels that this program requires.  We
       C     will need:
       C
       C        A leapseconds kernel
       C        The necessary ephemerides
       C        A planetary constants file (PCK)
       C        A frames kernel (TF) with the TGO ID/name mapping
       C
             CALL FURNSH ( METAKR )

       C
       C     Prompt the user for the input time string.
       C
             CALL PROMPT ( 'Input UTC Time: ', UTCTIM )

             WRITE (*,*) 'Converting UTC Time: ', UTCTIM

       C
       C     Convert UTCTIM to ET.
       C
             CALL STR2ET ( UTCTIM, ET )

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   ET seconds past J2000: ', ET

       C
       C     Compute the apparent sub-observer point of ExoMars-16 TGO
       C     on Mars.
       C
             CALL SUBPNT ( 'NEAR POINT: ELLIPSOID',
            .              'MARS', ET,     'IAU_MARS', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  SPOINT, TRGEPC,     SRFVEC )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent sub-observer point of ExoMars-16 TGO '
            .//          'on Mars in the'
             WRITE (*,*) '   IAU_MARS frame (km):'
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      X = ', SPOINT(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Y = ', SPOINT(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Z = ', SPOINT(3)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '    ALT = ', VNORM(SRFVEC)

       C
       C     Compute the apparent sub-solar point on Mars as seen
       C     from ExoMars-16 TGO.
       C
             CALL SUBSLR ( 'NEAR POINT: ELLIPSOID',
            .              'MARS', ET,     'IAU_MARS', 'LT+S',
            .              'TGO',  SPOINT, TRGEPC,     SRFVEC )

             WRITE (*,*) '   Apparent sub-solar point on Mars as '
            .//          'seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in'
             WRITE (*,*) '   the IAU_MARS frame (km):'
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      X = ', SPOINT(1)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Y = ', SPOINT(2)
             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Z = ', SPOINT(3)

             END
Top ### Solution Sample Output After compiling the program, execute it:
       Converting UTC Time: 2018 JUN 11 19:32:00
          ET seconds past J2000:    582017589.185
          Apparent sub-observer point of ExoMars-16 TGO on Mars in the
          IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X =         2554.165
             Y =        -2008.010
             Z =         -983.240
           ALT =          385.045
          Apparent sub-solar point on Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in
          the IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X =          487.589
             Y =        -3348.610
             Z =         -286.697
Top ## Extra Credit In this ``extra credit'' section you will be presented with more complex tasks, aimed at improving your understanding of SUBPNT and SUBSLR routines. These ``extra credit'' tasks are provided as task statements, and unlike the regular tasks, no approach or solution source code is provided. In the next section, you will find the numeric solutions (when applicable) and answers to the questions asked in these tasks. Top ### Task statements and questions `1.` Recompute the apparent sub-solar point on Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in the body fixed frame IAU_MARS in kilometers using the 'Intercept: ellipsoid' method at ``2018 jun 11 19:32:00''. Explain the differences. `2.` Compute the apparent sub-spacecraft point of ExoMars-16 TGO on Phobos in the body fixed frame IAU_PHOBOS in kilometers using the 'Near point: ellipsoid' method at ``2018 jun 11 19:32:00''. `3.` Transform the sub-spacecraft Cartesian coordinates obtained in the previous task to planetocentric and planetographic coordinates. When computing planetographic coordinates use Phobos' radii(1) as its equatorial radius. Explain why planetocentric and planetographic latitudes and longitudes are different. Explain why the planetographic altitude for a point on the surface of Phobos is not zero and whether this is correct or not. Top ### Solutions and answers `1.` The differences observed are due to the computation method. The ``Intercept: ellipsoid'' method defines the sub-solar point as the target surface intercept of the line containing the Sun and the target's center, while the ``Near point: ellipsoid'' method defines the sub-solar point as the the nearest point on the target relative to the Sun. Since Mars is not spherical, these two points are not the same:
             Apparent sub-solar point on Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in
             the IAU_MARS frame using the 'Near Point: ellipsoid' method
             (km):
                X =          487.589
                Y =        -3348.610
                Z =         -286.697

             Apparent sub-solar point on Mars as seen from ExoMars-16 TGO in
             the IAU_MARS frame using the 'Intercept: ellipsoid' method
             (km):
                X =          487.547
                Y =        -3348.322
                Z =         -290.077
`2.` The apparent sub-spacecraft point of ExoMars-16 TGO on Phobos in the body fixed frame IAU_PHOBOS in kilometers at ``2018 jun 11 19:32:00'' UTC epoch is:
             Apparent sub-spacecraft point of ExoMars-16 TGO on Phobos in
             the IAU_PHOBOS frame using the 'Near Point: ellipsoid' method
             (km):
                X =           12.059
                Y =            4.173
                Z =           -0.675
`3.` The sub-spacecraft point of ExoMars-16 TGO on Phobos in planetocentric and planetographic coordinates at ``2018 jun 11 19:32:00'' UTC epoch is:
             Planetocentric coordinates of the sub-spacecraft point on
             Phobos (degrees, km):
                LAT =           -3.030
                LON =           19.088
                R   =           12.779

             Planetographic coordinates of the sub-spacecraft point on
             Phobos (degrees, km):
                LAT =           -6.267
                LON =          340.912
                ALT =           -0.202
`` The planetocentric and planetographic longitudes are different (``graphic'' = 360 - ``centric'') because planetographic longitudes on Phobos are measured positive west as defined by the Phobos rotation direction. `` The planetocentric and planetographic latitudes are different because the planetocentric latitude was computed as the angle between the direction from the center of the body to the point and the equatorial plane, while the planetographic latitude was computed as the angle between the surface normal at the point and the equatorial plane. `` The planetographic altitude is non zero -- -0.202 km -- because it was computed using a different and incorrect Phobos surface model, a spheroid with equal equatorial radii, for the surface point computed by SUBPNT on the Phobos surface modeled as a triaxial ellipsoid with different equatorial radii. The planetographic latitude is also incorrect because it is based on the normal to the surface of the spheroid rather than the ellipsoid, In general planetographic coordinates cannot be used for bodies with shapes modeled as triaxial ellipsoids. Top # Intersecting Vectors with a Triaxial Ellipsoid (fovint) Top ## Task Statement Write a program that prompts the user for an input UTC time string and, for that time, computes the intersection of the ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD LNO Nadir aperture boresight and field of view (FOV) boundary vectors with the surface of Mars. The program presents each point of intersection as `1.` A cartesian vector in the IAU_MARS frame `2.` Planetocentric (latitudinal) coordinates in the IAU_MARS frame. For each vector, if an intersection is found, the program displays the results of the above computations, otherwise it indicates no intersection has occurred. At each point of intersection compute the following: `3.` Phase angle `4.` Solar incidence angle `5.` Emission angle Additionally compute the local solar time at the intercept of the spectrometer aperture boresight with the surface of Mars. Use this program to compute values at the epoch: `` 2018 jun 11 19:32:00 UTC Top ## Learning Goals Understand how field of view parameters are retrieved from instrument kernels. Learn how various standard planetary constants are retrieved from text PCKs. Discover how to compute the intersection of field of view vectors with triaxial ellipsoidal target bodies. Discover another high level geometry routine and another time conversion routine in SPICE. Top ## Approach This problem can be broken down into several simple, small steps: `--` Decide which SPICE kernels are necessary. Prepare a meta-kernel listing the kernels and load it into the program. Remember, you will need to find a kernel with information about the ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD spectrometer. `--` Prompt the user for an input time string. `--` Convert the input time string into ephemeris time expressed as seconds past J2000 TDB. `--` Retrieve the FOV (field of view) configuration for the ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD LNO Nadir aperture. For each vector in the set of boundary corner vectors, and for the boresight vector, perform the following operations: `--` Compute the intercept of the vector with Mars. `--` If this intercept is found, convert the position vector of the intercept into planetocentric coordinates. `` Then compute the phase, solar incidence, and emission angles at the intercept. Otherwise indicate to the user no intercept was found for this vector. `--` Compute the planetocentric longitude of the boresight intercept. Finally `--` Compute the local solar time at the boresight intercept longitude on a 24-hour clock. The input time for this computation should be the TDB observation epoch minus one-way light time from the boresight intercept to the spacecraft. It may be useful to consult the ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD instrument kernel to determine the name of the NOMAD LNO Nadir aperture as well as its configuration. This exercise may make use of some of the concepts and (loosely) code from the ``Spacecraft Orientation and Reference Frames'' task. Top ## Solution Top ### Solution Meta-Kernel The meta-kernel we created for the solution to this exercise is named 'fovint.tm'. Its contents follow:
       KPL/MK

          This is the meta-kernel used in the solution of the
          ``Intersecting Vectors with a Triaxial Ellipsoid'' task
          in the Remote Sensing Hands On Lesson.

       \begindata

        KERNELS_TO_LOAD = (

        'kernels/lsk/naif0012.tls',
        'kernels/sclk/em16_tgo_step_20160414.tsc',
        'kernels/spk/de430.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/mar085.bsp',
        'kernels/spk/em16_tgo_mlt_20171205_20230115_v01.bsp',
        'kernels/fk/em16_tgo_v07.tf',
        'kernels/ck/em16_tgo_sc_slt_npo_20171205_20230115_s20160414_v01.bc',
        'kernels/pck/pck00010.tpc',
        'kernels/ik/em16_tgo_nomad_v02.ti'

                          )

       \begintext
Top ### Solution Source Code A sample solution to the problem follows:
             PROGRAM FOVINT

             IMPLICIT NONE

       C
       C     SPICELIB functions
       C
             DOUBLE PRECISION      DPR

       C
       C     Local Parameters
       C
       C
       C     The name of the meta-kernel that lists the kernels
       C     to load into the program.
       C
             CHARACTER*(*)         METAKR
             PARAMETER           ( METAKR = 'fovint.tm' )

       C
       C     The length of various string variables.
       C
             INTEGER               STRLEN
             PARAMETER           ( STRLEN = 50 )

       C
       C     The maximum number of boundary corner vectors
       C     we can retrieve.
       C
             INTEGER               BCVLEN
             PARAMETER           ( BCVLEN = 5 )

       C
       C     Local Variables
       C
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    AMPM
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    INSFRM
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    SHAPE
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    TIME
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    UTCTIM
             CHARACTER*(STRLEN)    VECNAM ( BCVLEN )

             DOUBLE PRECISION      BOUNDS ( 3, BCVLEN )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      BSIGHT ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      EMISSN
             DOUBLE PRECISION      ET
             DOUBLE PRECISION      LAT
             DOUBLE PRECISION      LON
             DOUBLE PRECISION      PHASE
             DOUBLE PRECISION      POINT  ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      RADIUS
             DOUBLE PRECISION      SOLAR
             DOUBLE PRECISION      SRFVEC ( 3 )
             DOUBLE PRECISION      TRGEPC

             INTEGER               HR
             INTEGER               I
             INTEGER               MN
             INTEGER               N
             INTEGER               LNONID
             INTEGER               MARSID
             INTEGER               SC

             LOGICAL               FOUND

       C
       C     Load the kernels that this program requires. We
       C     will need:
       C
       C        A leapseconds kernel.
       C        A SCLK kernel for ExoMars-16 TGO.
       C        Any necessary ephemerides.
       C        The ExoMars-16 TGO frame kernel.
       C        An ExoMars-16 TGO C-kernel.
       C        A PCK file with Mars constants.
       C        The ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD I-kernel.
       C
             CALL FURNSH ( METAKR )

       C
       C     Prompt the user for the input time string.
       C
             CALL PROMPT ( 'Input UTC Time: ', UTCTIM )

             WRITE (*,*) 'Converting UTC Time: ', UTCTIM

       C
       C     Convert UTCTIM to ET.
       C
             CALL STR2ET ( UTCTIM, ET )

             WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   ET seconds past J2000: ', ET

       C
       C     Now we need to obtain the FOV configuration of the NOMAD
       C     LNO Nadir aperture. To do this we will need the ID code for
       C     TGO_NOMAD_LNO_NAD.
       C
             CALL BODN2C ( 'TGO_NOMAD_LNO_NAD', LNONID, FOUND )

       C
       C     Stop the program if the code was not found.
       C
             IF ( .NOT. FOUND ) THEN
                WRITE (*,*) 'Unable to locate the ID code for '
            .   //          'TGO_NOMAD_LNO_NAD'
                CALL BYEBYE ( 'FAILURE' )
             END IF

       C
       C     Now retrieve the field of view parameters.
       C
             CALL GETFOV ( LNONID,  BCVLEN, SHAPE, INSFRM,
            .              BSIGHT, N,      BOUNDS        )

       C
       C     Rather than treat BSIGHT as a separate vector,
       C     copy it into the last slot of BOUNDS.
       C
             CALL MOVED ( BSIGHT, 3, BOUNDS(1,5) )

       C
       C     Define names for each of the vectors for display
       C     purposes.
       C
             VECNAM (1) = 'Boundary Corner 1'
             VECNAM (2) = 'Boundary Corner 2'
             VECNAM (3) = 'Boundary Corner 3'
             VECNAM (4) = 'Boundary Corner 4'
             VECNAM (5) = 'ExoMars-16 TGO NOMAD LNO Nadir Boresight'

       C
       C     Now perform the same set of calculations for each
       C     vector listed in the BOUNDS array.
       C
             DO I = 1, 5
       C
       C        Call SINCPT to determine coordinates of the
       C        intersection of this vector with the surface
       C        of Mars.
       C
                CALL SINCPT ( 'Ellipsoid', 'MARS',      ET,
            .                 'IAU_MARS',  'LT+S',      'TGO',
            .                 INSFRM,      BOUNDS(1,I), POINT,
            .                 TRGEPC,      SRFVEC,      FOUND  )
       C
       C        Check the found flag. Display a message if the point
       C        of intersection was not found, otherwise continue with
       C        the calculations.
       C
                WRITE (*,*) 'Vector: ', VECNAM(I)

                IF ( .NOT. FOUND ) THEN

                   WRITE (*,*) 'No intersection point found at '
            .      //          'this epoch for this vector.'

                ELSE
       C
       C           Now, we have discovered a point of intersection.
       C           Start by displaying the position vector in the
       C           IAU_MARS frame of the intersection.
       C
                   WRITE (*,*) '  Position vector of '
            .      //          'surface intercept in '
            .      //          'the IAU_MARS frame (km):'
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      X   = ', POINT(1)
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Y   = ', POINT(2)
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      Z   = ', POINT(3)
       C
       C           Display the planetocentric latitude and longitude
       C           of the intercept.
       C
                   CALL RECLAT ( POINT, RADIUS, LON, LAT )

                   WRITE (*,*) '  Planetocentric coordinates of the '
            .      //          'intercept (degrees):'
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      LAT = ', LAT * DPR()
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '      LON = ', LON * DPR()
       C
       C           Compute the illumination angles at this
       C           point.
       C
                   CALL ILUMIN ( 'Ellipsoid', 'MARS',  ET,
            .                    'IAU_MARS',  'LT+S',  'TGO',
            .                    POINT,       TRGEPC,  SRFVEC,
            .                    PHASE,       SOLAR,   EMISSN  )

                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   Phase angle (degrees):'
            .      //                    '           ', PHASE * DPR()
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   Solar incidence angle '
            .      //                    '(degrees): ', SOLAR * DPR()
                   WRITE (*,'(A,F16.3)') '   Emission angle (degree'
            .      //                    's):        ', EMISSN* DPR()

                END IF

                WRITE (*,*) ' '

             END DO

       C
       C     Lastly compute the local solar time at the boresight
       C     intersection.
       C
             IF ( FOUND ) THEN
       C
       C        Get Mars ID.
       C
                CALL BODN2C ( 'MARS', MARSID, FOUND )

       C
       C        The ID code for MARS is built-in to the library.
       C        However, it is good programming practice to get
       C        in the habit of checking your found-flags.
       C
                IF ( .NOT. FOUND ) THEN
                   WRITE (*,*) 'Unable to locate the ID code for '
            .   //             'MARS'
                   CALL BYEBYE ( 'FAILURE' )
                END IF
       C
       C        Compute local time corresponding to the TDB light time
       C        corrected epoch at the intercept.
       C
                CALL ET2LST ( TRGEPC,
            .                 MARSID,
            .                 LON,
            .                 'PLANETOCENTRIC',
            .                 HR,
            .                 MN,
            .                 SC,
            .                 TIME,
            .                 AMPM              )

                WRITE (*,*) '  Local Solar Time at boresight '
            .   //          'intercept (24 Hour Clock): '
                WRITE (*,*) '     ', TIME

             ELSE

                WRITE (*,*) '   No boresight intercept to compute '
            .   //          'local solar time.'

             END IF

             END
Top ### Solution Sample Output After compiling the program, execute it:
       Converting UTC Time: 2018 JUN 11 19:32:00
          ET seconds past J2000:    582017589.185
       Vector: Boundary Corner 1
          Position vector of surface intercept in the IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X   =         2535.004
             Y   =        -2028.528
             Z   =         -990.594
          Planetocentric coordinates of the intercept (degrees):
             LAT =          -16.967
             LON =          -38.667
          Phase angle (degrees):                     48.207
          Solar incidence angle (degrees):           43.872
          Emission angle (degrees):                   4.798

       Vector: Boundary Corner 2
          Position vector of surface intercept in the IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X   =         2525.056
             Y   =        -2042.075
             Z   =         -988.196
          Planetocentric coordinates of the intercept (degrees):
             LAT =          -16.925
             LON =          -38.963
          Phase angle (degrees):                     50.707
          Solar incidence angle (degrees):           43.586
          Emission angle (degrees):                   7.432

       Vector: Boundary Corner 3
          Position vector of surface intercept in the IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X   =         2525.201
             Y   =        -2042.104
             Z   =         -987.770
          Planetocentric coordinates of the intercept (degrees):
             LAT =          -16.917
             LON =          -38.962
          Phase angle (degrees):                     50.708
          Solar incidence angle (degrees):           43.585
          Emission angle (degrees):                   7.413

       Vector: Boundary Corner 4
          Position vector of surface intercept in the IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X   =         2535.149
             Y   =        -2028.558
             Z   =         -990.170
          Planetocentric coordinates of the intercept (degrees):
             LAT =          -16.960
             LON =          -38.666
          Phase angle (degrees):                     48.208
          Solar incidence angle (degrees):           43.871
          Emission angle (degrees):                   4.769

       Vector: ExoMars-16 NOMAD LNO Nadir Boresight
          Position vector of surface intercept in the IAU_MARS frame (km):
             X   =         2530.122
             Y   =        -2035.307
             Z   =         -989.188
          Planetocentric coordinates of the intercept (degrees):
             LAT =          -16.942
             LON =          -38.814
          Phase angle (degrees):                     49.457
          Solar incidence angle (degrees):           43.729
          Emission angle (degrees):                   6.086

          Local Solar Time at boresight intercept (24 Hour Clock):
             14:51:36
Top ## Extra Credit There are no ``extra credit'' tasks for this step of the lesson.